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聯合國生物多樣性大會(COP15)主席、生態環境部部長黃潤秋在《中國日報》發表署名文章

2022-12-03 來源:中國日報

2022-12-03 來源:中國日報
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  This year marks the 30th anniversary of the adoption of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The second part of the 15th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the CBD will be held in Montreal, Canada, in December.
  COP15, under the theme of "Ecological Civilization: Building a Shared Future for All Life on Earth", is tasked with formulating and adopting the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework, which is of great significance to global biodiversity conservation and sustainable development. Holding the COP15 Presidency, China is responsible for the substantive and political affairs of the conference.
  Biodiversity is critical to human health and well-being. Natural ecosystems absorb and store about one-third of the greenhouse gas emissions human activities release each year, more than two-fourths of the global GDP depends on natural resources, and over 3 billion people depend on marine and coastal biodiversity for their livelihoods. Biodiversity loss at an accelerated pace, which severely threatens human health and the sustainable development of economies and societies, is a critical issue that humanity must face and solve.
  As an important participant, contributor and leader in the construction of a global ecological civilization, China has long been advancing global biodiversity governance with concrete actions.
  With the guiding principle of Xi Jinping Thought on Ecological Civilization, biodiversity conservation has been elevated to a national strategy in China. By drawing up "redlines" for ecological conservation and stepping up efforts to establish and optimize a system of protected areas with national parks as the mainstay, China has effectively protected 90 percent of typical terrestrial ecosystem types and brought 74 percent of key State-protected wildlife species under effective protection. The concept of an ecological civilization enjoys popular support in China, and harmonious coexistence between man and nature has become a consensus and aspiration of the Chinese people — constantly injecting new impetus into the country's biodiversity conservation.
  As one of the first countries to sign and ratify the CBD, China has over-fulfilled three of the 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets — an ambitious set of global biodiversity goals that were to be attained by 2020 — and is making solid progress on achieving another 13. Generally, the performance of China in implementing the Aichi targets is better than the global average.
  Since 2019, China has become the largest contributor to the core budget of the CBD and its Protocols, strongly supporting the operation and implementation of the CBD. In recent years, China has become the largest developing donor country to the Global Environment Facility and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services.
  In October 2021, Chinese President Xi Jinping, eight other heads of state from parties to the CBD, and the secretary-general of the United Nations, attended the Leaders' Summit of the first part of the CBD COP15 held in Kunming, capital of Yunnan province, via video link and delivered keynote speeches. President Xi announced China's initiative to establish a Kunming Biodiversity Fund and take the lead by investing 1.5 billion yuan ($212.7 million) to support biodiversity protection in developing countries. Xi also announced China's first batch of five national parks, among others, in China's biodiversity commitments as the host nation. At the high-level segment, the parties to the CBD adopted the Kunming Declaration. China, with the highest level of political will and leadership, has built consensus to the largest extent, laying a solid foundation for the adoption of the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework — an ambitious, balanced and practical global agreement to halt biodiversity loss and restore nature.
  China has been vigorously advancing negotiations over the post-2020 GBF, convening a total of 37 COP15 Bureau Meetings and presided over four Working Group Meetings for the post-2020 GBF in collaboration with the CBD Secretariat. Since the conclusion of Part I of COP15, China has been using all sorts of occasions — such as the UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development and the G20 Joint Environment and Climate Ministers' Meeting — as opportunities to coordinate and communicate with all relevant parties on advancing a successful second part of COP15.
  We must firmly seize the important opportunity of COP15 to arrest and reverse biodiversity loss and make concerted efforts to promote the success of the second part of COP15.
  The majority of the 196 parties to the CBD are developing nations. We should listen to their voices, uphold the principle that all parties are equal and practice true multilateralism.
  When formulating the post-2020 GBF, we should uphold the principles of fairness and transparency, take into full consideration the accessibility and feasibility of targets, as well as the development disparity of all countries, demonstrate constructiveness and flexibility in negotiations over the framework, balance the interests of all parties and compromise in moderation on key issues.
  All countries should shoulder international responsibilities commensurate with their development levels. Developed countries should fulfill the obligations stipulated in the CBD and related protocols, and provide more support for developing countries with regard to funding, technology and capacity-building to make up for the gap in biodiversity governance capability among nations. We advocate more scientific, comprehensive solutions in the design of the post-2020 GBF and its future implementation, so as to offer synergized solutions for such global problems as biodiversity loss, climate change and environmental pollution.
  Currently, the structure and core content of the post-2020 GBF has been identified. However, due to different social and economic development levels of parties, as well as the difference in major challenges and implementation capacity in biodiversity governance, there still exist controversies on some issues such as resource mobilization, access to and utilization of the digital sequence information of genetic resources and benefit sharing. Therefore, we call on all parties, international organizations and stakeholders to show the utmost political resolve and sincerity, take their responsibilities seriously, and make concerted efforts to adopt an ambitious, balanced and practical GBF in Montreal, so as to lead global biodiversity toward restoration and jointly build a community with a shared future for all life on Earth.
開創全球生物多樣性治理新局面
共建地球生命共同體
黃潤秋
  今年是聯合國《生物多樣性公約》(簡稱《公約》)通過30週年。中國作為《公約》締約方大會第十五次會議(簡稱COP15)主席國,負責領導大會實質性和政治性事務,繼2021年10月第一階段會議在中國雲南昆明成功舉辦後,第二階段會議將於今年12月在加拿大蒙特利爾召開。COP15以“生態文明:共建地球生命共同體”為主題,旨在制定並通過“2020年後全球生物多樣性框架”(簡稱“框架”),擘畫未來10年乃至更長一個時期全球生物多樣性治理的藍圖,對全球生物多樣性保護和可持續發展具有十分重大的意義。
  生物多樣性關係人類福祉,是人類賴以生存和發展的重要基礎,是地球生命共同體的血脈和根基。每年全球約1/3的溫室氣體排放被自然生態系統吸收,一半以上的GDP總量依賴自然資源的貢獻,超過30億人的生計依賴於海洋和沿海的生物多樣性,70%的貧困人口通過農業、漁業、林業等活動維持生計。生物多樣性與應對氣候變化、糧食安全、全球減貧等可持續發展目標存在重要內在聯繫,保護生物多樣性就是保護人類福祉,促進人類可持續發展。然而,當前地球生態系統正在遭到破壞,全球生物多樣性正在加速喪失,已嚴重威脅到人類健康和經濟社會的可持續發展,這是人類面臨的共同挑戰,也是我們必須正視和需要解決的難題。
  一、生物多樣性保護,中國在行動
  中國高度重視生物多樣性保護,在習近平生態文明思想的指引下,牢固樹立和踐行綠水青山就是金山銀山的理念,將生物多樣性保護上升為國家戰略,推行一系列保護措施,取得顯著成效,促進了人與自然和諧共生。
  建立健全生物多樣性保護體制機制和政策體系。2011年,成立生物多樣性保護國家委員會,統籌協調全國生物多樣性保護工作,指導“聯合國生物多樣性十年中國行動”;發佈並實施《中國生物多樣性保護戰略與行動計劃(2011—2030年)》及22個地方生物多樣性保護戰略與行動計劃。近10年來,頒布和修訂森林法、草原法、漁業法、野生動物保護法、種子法、濕地法、長江保護法、生物安全法等20多部相關法律法規。2020年發佈《全國重要生態系統保護和修復重大工程總體規劃(2021—2035年)》,提出到2035年,森林覆蓋率達到26%,草原綜合植被覆蓋度、濕地保護率提高到60%,自然海岸線保有率不低於35%,以國家公園為主體的自然保護地佔陸域國土面積18%以上,瀕危野生動植物及其棲息地得到全面保護等目標。2021年發佈《中國的生物多樣性保護》白皮書,全面總結生物多樣性治理的舉措和成效;出臺《關於進一步加強生物多樣性保護的意見》,成為全面推進中國生物多樣性保護工作的綱領性文件。
  有力落實生物多樣性保護舉措。創新開展生態保護紅線劃定工作,陸域紅線面積佔陸域國土面積比例超過30%,覆蓋重要生態區域。積極推進以國家公園為主體的自然保護地體系建設,設立首批5個國家公園,各類自然保護地總數近萬處,約佔陸域國土面積18%。建立植物園、野生動物救護繁育基地以及種質資源庫、基因庫等較為完備的遷地保護體系,成立首個國家植物園,建立近200個植物園(樹木園)、250處野生動物救護繁育基地。初步形成全國生物多樣性觀測網路,建立749個觀測樣區,完成對全國高等植物、脊椎動物和大型真菌瀕危狀況評估。加強天然林保護,推進山水林田湖草沙一體化保護和系統治理,成為全球“增綠”的主力軍。對長江等重點流域和水域實行禁捕政策,嚴防外來物種入侵,嚴厲打擊珍貴瀕危野生動植物的走私等。
  中國的生物多樣性保護政策及行動有效保護了90%的陸地生態系統類型和74%的國家重點保護野生動植物種群。在中國大地上,雲南野象自由“旅行”,大熊貓受威脅程度等級從“瀕危”降為“易危”,“微笑天使”長江江豚頻頻亮相,三江源國家公園等地雪豹頻繁現身,“消失”30多年的雲貓重現高黎貢山自然保護區,青藏高原復現藏羚羊“萬羊齊奔”的壯麗景象。生態文明理念在中國深入人心,人與自然和諧共生成為中國人民的共識和期盼,從中央到地方、從生態環境部門到其他政府部門,從企業、民間組織到媒體和公眾,對生物多樣性的重要性都有了更深刻的認識和理解,為中國的生物多樣性保護提供源源不斷的前進動力。
  二、推動全球生物多樣性治理,作出中國貢獻
  作為全球生態文明建設的重要參與者、貢獻者和引領者,中國長期以來用實際行動積極推動全球生物多樣性治理進程,為推動實現全球生物多樣性保護目標作出中國貢獻。
  作為最早簽署和批准《公約》的國家之一,中國積極履行《公約》及其議定書,“愛知目標”(2020年全球生物多樣性目標)中的設立陸地自然保護區、恢復和保障重要生態系統服務、增加生態系統的復原力和碳儲量等3項目標超額完成,生物多樣性主流化、可持續管理農林漁業、可持續生産和消費等13項目標取得良好進展,總體好于全球平均水準。2019年起,中國成為《公約》及其議定書核心預算的最大捐助國,有力地支援了《公約》的運作和執行,並且多年來一直是向全球環境基金(GEF)、生物多樣性和生態系統服務政府間科學—政策平臺(IPBES)捐資最多的發展中國家。
  申辦COP15是中國致力於推動和引領全球生物多樣性進程的使命所然。在COP15第一階段會議上,中國國家主席習近平和其他8位締約方國家領導人、聯合國秘書長視頻出席併發表主旨講話。習近平主席宣佈中國率先出資15億元成立昆明生物多樣性基金,正式設立第一批國家公園,出臺碳達峰、碳中和“1+N”政策體系等一系列東道國舉措,展示了中國的決心與行動,對國際社會起到了示範引領作用。大會通過了《昆明宣言》,為推進全球生物多樣性治理注入強大信心和政治推動力。中國以最高級別的政治意願和領導力,凝聚最廣泛共識,為推動達成兼具雄心和務實平衡的“框架”奠定了堅實基礎。
  作為COP15主席國,中國一直積極推動“框架”磋商進程,已組織召開了36次COP15主席團會議,並與《公約》秘書處一道先後在日內瓦、內羅畢等地主持召開了4次“框架”工作組會議,為推動“框架”磋商作出重要努力。自第一階段會議結束以來,中國利用聯合國可持續發展高級別政治論壇、20國集團環境與氣候部長聯席會議、第77屆聯合國大會高級別周、《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》第27次締約方會議生物多樣性日等場合和時機,組織召開COP15重要議題交流會、高級別圓桌會等,與各國就推動COP15第二階段會議成功召開進行溝通協調,有效提振了COP15政治勢頭。
  三、呵護藍色地球,需要全球攜手
  COP15及正在制定的“框架”將推動生物多樣性保護在經濟社會發展中的主流化進程,使全人類能夠享受生物多樣性為減少貧困、維護糧食安全、促進可持續發展帶來的惠益。我們必須牢牢把握COP15扭轉全球生物多樣性喪失的重要契機,牢牢守住綠色可持續發展的前進方向,共同努力推動COP15第二階段會議取得成功。
  一是堅持多邊主義。生物多樣性治理是一項全球系統工程,只有確保廣泛參與,才能取得真正實效。《公約》196個締約方以發展中國家佔多數,他們在保護生物多樣性、維護國際法等方面發揮著重要作用,我們主張傾聽他們的聲音,重視他們的訴求,堅持締約方不分大小、強弱、貧富一律平等,維護國際法的權威性和普遍適用性,踐行真正的多邊主義。
  二是堅持務實合作。各國國情不同,在經濟、技術、管理等方面的差異明顯。我們主張在制定“框架”時,堅持公正、透明、締約方驅動的原則,充分吸取和借鑒“愛知目標”執行中的經驗和教訓,充分考慮目標的可達性、可操作性以及各國的發展差異,在“框架”磋商中展現建設性和靈活性,在重點難點議題上兼顧各方訴求並適當妥協,達成各方均能接受的折中方案,平衡體現《公約》3大目標。
  三是堅持基於規則行事。全球生物多樣性保護面臨巨大的資金缺口,充足可靠的資金來源對實現“框架”雄心至關重要。我們主張積極承擔與發展水準相稱的國際責任,發達國家應切實履行《公約》義務,在資金、技術、能力建設等方面為發展中國家提供更多支援,彌補國家間生物多樣性治理能力的差距。中國將深化“一帶一路”生態環境合作和“南南合作”等,積極向其他發展中國家和不發達國家提供力所能及的援助。
  四是堅持協同治理。中國積極踐行協同治理並在實踐中受益。我們主張協同打造更牢固的全球生態安全屏障,加強生物多樣性保護與執行聯合國《2030年可持續發展議程》之間的協同,加強聯合國《生物多樣性公約》(UNCBD)與《聯合國氣候變化框架公約》(UNFCCC)、《聯合國防治荒漠化公約》(UNCCD)等的協同,在“框架”設計及未來實施進程中提出更多科學的綜合解決方案,協同應對生物多樣性喪失、氣候變化和環境污染等全球性問題。
  目前,在中國的積極協調和多方共同努力下,“框架”結構和核心內容已確定。但由於196個締約方經濟社會發展水準差異較大,生物多樣性治理面臨的主要挑戰和執行能力各異,在資源調動、遺傳資源數字序列資訊的獲取利用和惠益分享等重點議題上仍存在一些爭議。為此,我們真誠呼籲,各締約方與國際組織和利益攸關方密切合作,展現最大的政治決心和誠意,嚴肅對待肩負的重要責任,共同努力在COP15第二階段會議上順利通過國際社會期待已久的、兼具雄心和務實平衡的“框架”,引領全球生物多樣性走向恢復之路,共建地球生命共同體!
  來源 | 中國日報

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